[
  {
    "id": "10.1108/CCM-02-2013-0023",
    "type": "article-journal",
    "title": "Collaboration strategies for a transition economy: measuring culture in Albania",
    "author": [
      {
        "family": "Vajjhala",
        "given": "Narasimha Rao"
      },
      {
        "family": "Strang",
        "given": "Kenneth David"
      }
    ],
    "container-title": "Cross Cultural Management",
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2014
        ]
      ]
    },
    "volume": "21",
    "issue": "1",
    "page": "78-103",
    "publisher": "Emerald Group Publishing Limited",
    "ISSN": "1352-7606",
    "DOI": "10.1108/CCM-02-2013-0023",
    "URL": "https://www.narasimharao.net/research/albania-national-culture-hofstede-transition-economy/",
    "abstract": "Purpose – The researchers in this study reviewed the literature to locate the most relevant multicultural theories, factors, and instruments in order to measure Albania’s national culture. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – An innovative combination of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to fit the multicultural construct to the sample data and then estimate the national culture (n = 73). The multicultural indexes were calculated for five generally accepted national culture factors to compare with the benchmarks published in the literature. Findings – The multicultural indexes were calculated for five generally accepted national culture factors to compare with the benchmarks published in the literature. An asymmetric plot was created for critical comparison of Albania with five other theoretically selected countries, using the indexes for PDi, ICi, MFi, UAi, and LTi. Albania was found to be most similar to its Balkan and Turkish neighbors, as compared with Asian or Western cultures such as that of the USA. Research limitations/implications – The researchers discussed the implications of knowing Albania’s national culture profile with reference to how other countries might collaborate and transact with this emerging transition economy. Practical implications – From a business standpoint, the multicultural indexes for Albania provide general indicators of the national beliefs, norms and values, which foreign organizations may compare to their own cultural profile when interacting with professionals in this country. The best use for such indexes is for benchmarking and comparison. Foreign government, private corporations, or nonprofit organizations may compare their own culture profile with that of Albania to be aware of the similarities and differences. Originality/value – Albanian national culture was estimated for the first time in the literature, using a five-factor model adapted from the work of Hofstede.",
    "keyword": "Confirmatory factor analysis, Albania, Collaboration strategies, Instrument validation, National global culture model dimensions, Transition economy, national culture, cross-cultural management, Hofstede cultural dimensions, transition economy, power distance, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, long-term orientation, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, survey instrument validation, Balkans, international business collaboration",
    "language": "en"
  }
]